ALU — Full-Custom VLSI, Schematic to Layout
A complete processor ALU taken from logic gates to verified physical layout in a 45nm PDK.
Built from primitives: synchronous 4/5/6-bit registers (D-FF based) and a parallel-prefix Knowles adder composed from GP, Black and Gray cells.
Extended for subtraction: inverters convert the adder; the output bus widened 5 → 6 bits for correct two's complement.
Signed off: floorplan and routing in Virtuoso, then DRC and LVS passed — layout proven equivalent to schematic.
Set the inputs. Tap the bit squares to build numbers A and B (each is a 4-bit register).
Pick an operation. ADD or SUB — the same hardware, rerouted through inverters.
Pulse CLK ↑. Watch the signal travel the datapath — the result latches only on the clock edge.
The result only latches on the clock edge — like the synchronous D-FF registers in the schematic. Try SUB with B > A for two's complement on the widened 6-bit bus.